Brown and Tan What Are They Called in Art

Colour

Brown
Colour coordinates
Hex triplet	#804000
sRGB B (r, g, b)	(128, 64, 0)
CMYK H (c, g, y, k)	(0, 50, 100, 50)
HSV (h, south, v)	(xxx°, 100%, 50%)
CIELChuv (50, C, h)	(35, sixty, 32°)
Source	[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Brown tin exist considered a blended color but is mainly a darker shade of orangish. In the CMYK color model used in press or painting, brown is usually fabricated past combining orange and black.^{[i] [2] [3]} In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown is made past combining red and light-green, in specific proportions.

The color brown is seen widely in nature, wood, soil, human hair color, eye color and peel pigmentation. Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil.^[4] According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, chocolate-brown is the least favorite color of the public; it is often associated with plainness, the rustic, feces, and poverty.^[5] More positive associations include baking, warmth, wildlife, and the autumn.

Etymology [edit]

The term is from Old English brún, in origin for any dusky or night shade of color. The beginning recorded utilise of brown as a colour name in English was in 1000.^{[6] [7]} The Common Germanic adjectives *brûnoz and *brûnâ meant both dark colors and a glistening or shining quality, whence burnish. The current meaning adult in Middle English from the 14th century.^[eight]

Words for the color brownish around the world often come from foods or beverages; in the eastern Mediterranean, the word for chocolate-brown often comes from the color of coffee: in Turkish, the word for brown is kahve rengi ; in Greek, kafé . In Southeast Asia, the color name often comes from chocolate: coklat in Malay; tsokolate in Filipino. In Nippon, the word chairo means the color of tea.^[ix]

History and art [edit]

Ancient history [edit]

Dark-brown has been used in art since prehistoric times. Paintings using umber, a natural dirt pigment composed of fe oxide and manganese oxide, take been dated to 40,000 BC.^[10] Paintings of brown horses and other animals take been constitute on the walls of the Lascaux cavern dating back near 17,300 years. The female figures in ancient Egyptian tomb paintings accept brown skin, painted with umber. Lite tan was often used on painted Greek amphorae and vases, either as a background for black figures, or the reverse.

The Ancient Greeks and Romans produced a fine reddish-brown ink, of a colour called sepia, made from the ink of a variety of cuttlefish. This ink was used by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and other artists during the Renaissance, and by artists up until the present fourth dimension.

In Ancient Rome, brown article of clothing was associated with the lower classes or barbarians. The term for the plebeians, or urban poor, was "pullati", which meant literally "those dressed in chocolate-brown".^[11]

• 

  Tomb of Userhet, 1300 BC. Brown was widely used in Ancient Egypt to represent skin color.

• 

  A tan terracotta background on a Greek amphora with the figures of Hercules and Apollo. (about 720 BC).

Post-classical history [edit]

In the Middle Ages brownish robes were worn by monks of the Franciscan order, as a sign of their humility and poverty. Each social form was expected to wear a color suitable to their station; and grey and brown were the colors of the poor. Russet was a coarse homespun textile fabricated of wool and dyed with woad and madder to give it a subdued grey or chocolate-brown shade. By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet. The medieval poem Piers Plowman describes the virtuous Christian:^[12]

And is gladde of a goune of a graye russet
As of a tunicle of Tarse or of trye ruby.

In the Middle Ages dark dark-brown pigments were rarely used in fine art; painters and book illuminators artists of that period preferred bright, distinct colors such as cherry, blue and green, rather than nighttime colors. The umbers were not widely used in Europe earlier the end of the fifteenth century; The Renaissance painter and author Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) described them equally existence rather new in his time.^[13]

Artists began using far greater utilise of browns when oil painting arrived in the tardily fifteenth century. During the Renaissance, artists by and large used four unlike browns; raw umber, the nighttime brown clay mined from the earth around Umbria, in Italia; raw sienna, a ruby-brown earth mined near Siena, in Tuscany; burnt umber, the Umbrian clay heated until it turned a darker shade, and burnt sienna, heated until it turned a dark reddish brown. In Northern Europe, Jan van Eyck featured rich earth browns in his portraits to ready off the brighter colors.

• 

  Leonardo da Vinci used sepia ink, from cuttlefish, for his writing and drawing.

• 

  Jan van Eyck, Portrait de Baudoin de Lannoy. (1435)

Modernistic history [edit]

17th and 18th century [edit]

The 17th and 18th century saw the greatest use of brownish. Caravaggio and Rembrandt Van Rijn used browns to create chiaroscuro effects, where the subject area appeared out of the darkness. Rembrandt also added umber to the ground layers of his paintings because it promoted faster drying. Rembrandt too began to use new brown pigment, called Cassel world or Cologne globe. This was a natural globe color composed of over ninety per centum organic affair, such equally soil and peat. Information technology was used by Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, and later on became normally known as Van Dyck brown.

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  Self-portrait of Rembrandt. The older Rembrandt became the more brown he used in his paintings.

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  Anthony van Dyck, similar Rembrandt, was attached to the paint called Cassel earth or Cologne world; it became known equally Van Dyck brownish.

19th and 20th century [edit]

Brownish was generally hated past the French impressionists, who preferred bright, pure colors. The exception amidst French 19th-century artists was Paul Gauguin, who created luminous brown portraits of the people and landscapes of French Polynesia.

In the late 20th century, brownish became a mutual symbol in western civilization for simple, cheap, natural and good for you. Bag lunches were carried in plain brown paper bags; packages were wrapped in plain brown paper. Brownish breadstuff and dark-brown carbohydrate were viewed as more natural and healthy than white breadstuff and white sugar.

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  Words of the Devil, past Paul Gauguin (1892).

Brown in scientific discipline and nature [edit]

Optics [edit]

Brown is a dark orange colour, made by combining red, yellow and blackness.^[14] It tin can be thought of as nighttime orange, only it can also be made in other ways. In the RGB colour model, which uses red, light-green and blue light in various combinations to make all the colors on calculator and television receiver screens, it is made by mixing red and green light.

In terms of the visible spectrum, "brown" refers to long wavelength hues, yellowish, orange, or red, in combination with low luminance or saturation.^[fifteen] Since brown may cover a broad range of the visible spectrum, composite adjectives are used such as carmine brown, yellowish brown, dark brown or light brown.

Equally a colour of low intensity, dark-brown is a third color: a mix of the three subtractive primary colors is brown if the cyan content is low. Brownish exists as a colour perception only in the presence of a brighter color contrast.^[16] Yellowish, orange, red, or rose objects are yet perceived as such if the general illumination level is low, despite reflecting the same amount of cherry-red or orange low-cal every bit a brown object would in normal lighting weather.

• 

  The colored disks appear to be brown and orange, simply are actually an identical shade; their perceived colour depends on the shade of grey they are surrounded by.^[17]

Brownish pigments, dyes and inks [edit]

• Raw umber and burnt umber are two of the oldest pigments used by humans. Umber is a brown dirt, containing a big amount of iron oxide and between five and xx per centum manganese oxide, which give the colour. Its shade varies from a dark-green chocolate-brown to a dark dark-brown. Information technology takes its name from the Italian region of Umbria, where information technology was formerly mined. The principal source today is the island of Cyprus. Burnt umber is the aforementioned pigment which has been roasted (calcined), which turns the pigment darker and more than reddish.^[18]
• Raw sienna and burnt sienna are also clay pigments rich in iron oxide, which were mined during the Renaissance effectually the city of Siena in Tuscany. Sienna contains less than five percent manganese. The natural sienna globe is a night yellow ochre colour; when roasted it becomes a rich ruddy brown called burnt sienna.^[18]
• Mummy brown was a paint used in oil paints made from ground Egyptian mummies.^[nineteen]
• Head mortuum is a haematite iron oxide paint, used in painting. The name is likewise used in reference to mummy brown.
• Van Dyck chocolate-brown, known in Europe equally Cologne globe or Cassel earth, is another natural world paint, that was made upwards largely of decayed vegetal matter. It made a rich dark brownish, and was widely used during the Renaissance to the 19th century Information technology takes its name from the painter Anthony van Dyck, but it was used by many other artists earlier him. Information technology was highly unstable and unreliable, so its use was abandoned by the 20th century, though the proper noun continues to be used for modern synthetic pigments. The color of Van Dyck dark-brown can be recreated by mixing ivory blackness with mauve or with Venetian ruby, or mixing cadmium red with cobalt bluish.^[xx]
• Mars dark-brown. The names of the earth colors are still used, but very few mod pigments with these names actually contain natural earths; most of their ingredients today are constructed.^[18] Mars brown is typical of these new colors, made with synthetic iron oxide pigments. The new colors have a superior coloring power and opacity, only not the delicate hue as their namesakes.^[18]
• Walnuts have been used to make a brown dye since artifact. The Roman writer Ovid, in the get-go century BC described how the Gauls used the juice of the hull or husk inside the vanquish of the walnut to make a brown dye for wool, or a scarlet dye for their hair.^[21]
• The anecdote tree has likewise been used since ancient times equally a source chocolate-brown dye. The bark of the tree, the leaves and the husk of the nuts accept all been used to brand dye. The leaves were used to make a biscuit or xanthous-brown dye, and in the Ottoman Empire the yellow-chocolate-brown from chestnut leaves was combined with indigo blue to make shades of green.^[22]

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  Atomic number 26 oxide is the nigh common ingredient in brown pigments.

• 

  Limonite is a class of yellowish iron ore. A clay of limonite rich in iron oxide is the source of raw sienna and burnt sienna.

Chocolate-brown eyes [edit]

With few exceptions, all mammals accept brown or darkly-pigmented irises.^[23] In humans, brownish eyes upshot from a relatively high concentration of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which causes calorie-free of both shorter and longer wavelengths to exist absorbed^{[24] [25]} and in many parts of the earth, information technology is almost the but iris colour present.^[26] Nighttime pigment of brown eyes is nigh mutual in East asia, Southeast Asia, S Asia, West Asia, Oceania, Africa, Americas, etc. as well as parts of Eastern Europe and Southern Europe.^[27] The bulk of people in the world overall accept dark brownish eyes. Calorie-free or medium-pigmented chocolate-brown eyes are common in Europe, Afghanistan, Islamic republic of pakistan and Northern India, as well as some parts of the Middle East. (See eye color).

Brown hair [edit]

Brown is the 2nd well-nigh common color of human pilus, after blackness. It is caused by college levels of the natural dark paint eumelanin, and lower levels of the pale paint pheomelanin. Brown eumelanin is more than mutual among Europeans, while black eumelanin is more ofttimes found in the hair on non-Europeans. A minor amount of black eumelanin, in the absenteeism of other pigments, results in grey pilus. A small amount of brownish eumelanin in the absenteeism of other pigments results in blond hair.

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  Brunette is the French term for a adult female with brown (brun) hair.

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  Chestnut color pilus too has a reddish tint, but is less reddish and more brown than auburn pilus. This is German singer Yvonne Catterfeld.

Brown peel [edit]

A majority of people in the world have skin that is a shade of brown, from a very light honey brown or a gilded brown, to a copper or bronze color, to a coffee color or a dark chocolate brown. Peel color and race are not the aforementioned; many people classified equally "white" or "blackness" actually take skin that is a shade of brown. Brown skin is caused past melanin, a natural pigment which is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes. Pare pigmentation in humans evolved to primarily regulate the corporeality of ultraviolet radiations penetrating the skin, decision-making its biochemical effects.^[28]

Natural pare color can darken every bit a issue of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin colour adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the Dna of the skin cells.^[29] At that place is a correlation between the geographic distribution of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation effectually the world. Darker-skinned populations are found in the regions with the almost ultraviolet, closer to the equator, while lighter skinned populations live closer to the poles, with less UVR, though immigration has changed these patterns.^[30]

While white and black are commonly used to describe racial groups, dark-brown is rarely used, because it crosses all racial lines. In Brazil, the Portuguese word pardo, which can mean different shades of brown, is used to refer to multiracial people. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) asks people to place themselves as branco (white), pardo (chocolate-brown), negro (black), or amarelo (yellowish). In 2008 43.8 percent of the population identified themselves as pardo.^[31] (See Human skin color)

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  An elderly woman from Republic of the gambia

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  A human from Egypt

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  A woman from Brazil

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  A human being from Tibet

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  A young woman from Republic of peru

Soil [edit]

The thin peak layer of the Earth's chaff on land is largely fabricated upwards of soil colored different shades of brown.^[32] Good soil is composed of nigh forty-5 percent minerals, twenty-v percent water, twenty-5 percent air, and five per centum organic material, living and expressionless. One-half the colour of soil comes from minerals it contains; soils containing iron turn xanthous or reddish as the fe oxidizes. Manganese, nitrogen and sulfur turn brownish or blackish as they decay naturally.

Rich and fertile soils tend to exist darker in color; the deeper brown color of fertile soil comes from the decomposing of the organic matter. Expressionless leaves and roots become black or brown as they disuse. Poorer soils are normally paler brown in color, and incorporate less water or organic thing.

• Mollisols are the soil blazon found nether grassland in the Great Plains of America, the Pampas in Argentina and the Russian Steppes. The soil is 60–fourscore centimeters deep and is rich in nutrients and organic thing.
• Loess is a type of pale xanthous or buff soil, which originated every bit wind-blown silt. It is very fertile, but is easily eroded by wind or water.
• Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation, whose decomposition is slowed by water. Despite its dark brown color, information technology is infertile, only is useful equally a fuel.

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  A typical soil profile; brown topsoils, rich with organic matter, to a higher place cerise-chocolate-brown lower layers.

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  A profile of layers of Mollisols, the soil blazon found in the Great Plains of the U.S., the Pampas in Argentina, and the Russian Steppes.

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  A landscape of loess soil in Datong, Shanxi, China. Loess originated as windblown silt. It is very fertile simply erodes easily.

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  A stack of peat cut from the Earth in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Peat is partially decayed vegetative matter.

Mammals and birds [edit]

A large number of mammals and predatory birds accept a brown coloration. This sometimes changes seasonally, and sometimes remains the same yr-round. This color is likely related to camouflage, since the properties of some environments, such equally the woods flooring, is often brown, and peculiarly in the spring and summertime when animals like the snowshoe hare get dark-brown fur. Nigh mammals are dichromats and and so do not easily distinguish chocolate-brown fur from green grass.

• The brown rat or Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the best known and most common rats.
• The dark-brown comport (Ursus arctos) is a large comport distributed beyond much of northern Eurasia and North America.
• The ermine (Mustela erminea) has a brown dorsum in summer, or year-round in the southern reaches of its range.

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  The brown bear is constitute beyond Eurasia and Due north America.

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  The tawny owl. The colour tawny takes its name from the old French discussion tané, which means to tan leather. The aforementioned word is the root of suntan and the color tan.

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  The fur of the snowshoe hare is brown in the summer and turns white in winter, as a grade of all-season natural cover-up.

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  Camel is an effective color for camouflage in the Sahara desert, and is also a popular color for blankets and wintertime overcoats.

Biology [edit]

• The solid waste material excreted by human beings and many other animals is characteristically brown in color due to the presence of bilirubin, a byproduct of destruction of cherry-red claret cells.

Chocolate-brown in culture [edit]

Surveys in Europe and the United States showed that brownish was the least popular color amid respondents. It was the favorite color of only one percent of respondents and the to the lowest degree favorite color of twenty percent of people.^[33]

Brown uniforms [edit]

Brown has been a popular color for military machine uniforms since the late 18th century, largely because of its broad availability and depression visibility. When the Continental Ground forces was established in 1775 at the outbreak of the American Revolution, the first Continental Congress declared that the official compatible color would be chocolate-brown, but this was not popular with many militias, whose officers were already wearing blue. In 1778 the Congress asked George Washington to blueprint a new uniform, and in 1779 Washington made the official colour of all uniforms blue and buff.^[34]

In 1846 the Indian soldiers of the Corps of Guides in British India began to vesture a yellowish shade of tan, which became known as khaki from the Urdu word for dust-colored, taken from an before Persian give-and-take for soil. The colour made an excellent natural camouflage, and was adopted by the British Army for their Abyssian Entrada in 1867–1868, and later in the Boer State of war. It was adopted by the United States Army during the Spanish–American War (1896), and after by the U.s.a. Navy and U.s. Marine Corps.

In the 1920s, dark-brown became the uniform color of the Nazi Political party in Germany. The Nazi paramilitary organisation the Sturmabteilung (SA) wore brownish uniforms and were known as the brownshirts. The color brown was used to stand for the Nazi vote on maps of electoral districts in Germany. If someone voted for the Nazis, they were said to be "voting brown". The national headquarters of the Nazi party, in Munich, was called the Brown House. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 was called the Brownish Revolution.^[35] At Adolf Hitler's Obersalzberg domicile, the Berghof, he slept in a "bed which was unremarkably covered by a brown quilt embroidered with a huge swastika.

The swastika also appeared on Hitler's brown satin pajamas, embroidered in blackness against a cherry-red background on the pocket. He had a matching brown silk robe."^[36] Brown had originally been chosen as a Party colour largely for convenience; big numbers of state of war-surplus dark-brown uniforms from Federal republic of germany's former colonial forces in Africa were cheaply bachelor in the 1920s. It also suited the working-course and military images that the Party wished to convey.

From the 1930s onwards, the Party's brown uniforms were mass-produced by German clothing firms such as Hugo Boss.^{[37] [38]}

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  The khaki uniforms of Indian soldiers in British India.

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  Chief trivial officers of the U.S. Navy in their khaki service uniforms.

Business organisation [edit]

The color brown is said to represent ruggedness when used in advertising.^[39] Pullman Brown ^[twoscore] is the color of the United Parcel Service (UPS) delivery company with their trademark brownish trucks and uniforms; it was earlier the colour of Pullman rail cars of the Pullman Company, and was adopted past UPS both because brown is easy to go on clean, and due to favorable associations of luxury that Pullman dark-brown evoked. UPS has filed two trademarks on the color brown to foreclose other aircraft companies (and mayhap other companies in general) from using the color if information technology creates "market defoliation". In its advertizing, UPS refers to itself as "Brown" ("What can Brown do for y'all?").

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  A UPS truck in Pullman brown

Idioms and expressions [edit]

• "To be dark-brown as a berry" (to be securely suntanned)
• "To brown bag" a meal (to bring food from domicile to eat at work or school rather than patronizing an in-firm cafeteria or a eating place)
• "To experience a brown out" (a fractional loss of electricity, less severe than a blackout)
• Brownfields are abased, idled, or nether-used industrial and commercial facilities where redevelopment for infill housing is complicated past real or perceived environmental contaminations.^[41]
• '"Brownish-olfactory organ" is a verb which ways to be obsequious. It comes from the term for kissing the posterior of the boss in order to gain advancement.
• "In a brown study" (melancholy).

Religion [edit]

• In Wicca, brownish represents endurance, solidity, grounding, and strength.^[42] It is strongly associated with the element of world.

Sports [edit]

• The Cleveland Browns of the National Football League, take their team name from its founder and long-time coach, Paul Dark-brown, and use brown as a team colour.
• The Hawthorn Football Club of the Australian Football League wears a dark-brown and gold uniform.
• The San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball utilizes brown every bit its main color.
• FC St. Pauli, a German language association football society, typically features brown shirts every bit its primary kit.
• Guild Atlético Platense in Argentina, typically features chocolate-brown shirts as its master kit.
• The University of Wyoming, Brown University, St. Bonaventure University, and Lehigh Academy sports teams generally feature this colour.

In nature and civilisation [edit]

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  Espresso-roasted java beans.

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  People dressed as 1st World War soldiers as office of the celebration of the boxing of the Somme. The word khaki means "globe" in the Persian language.

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  A dun-colored equus caballus. Donn is the word for chocolate-brown in the Scottish and Irish languages.

• 

• 

  An ochre quarry in France

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  Layers of soil in Ireland. Dark chocolate-brown soil usually contains a loftier amount of rust-covered organic matter.

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  Beige is a very low-cal dark-brown color, taking its name from the French discussion for the colour of natural wool.

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  Puce is defined in the United States and Britain as a brown-majestic or purple-brown colour.^{[43] [44]} In France, where it was invented, it is described as a nighttime ruby brown.^[45]

• 

  The color taupe takes its name from the French word for this animate being, the European Mole.

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  The color drab is a slow light chocolate-brown, which takes its name from drap, the sometime French word for undyed wool cloth.^[46] It is best known for the olive-light-green shade called olive drab, formerly worn by U.S. soldiers. Drab has come to hateful dull, lifeless and monotonous.

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  The clay soil almost Siena, Italia, is the color called raw sienna.

See too [edit]

• Shades of brown
• List of colors
• Main colors

References [edit]

• Varichon, Anne (2005). Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples (in French). Paris: Editions du Seuil. ISBN978-2-02-084697-iv.
• Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques (in French). Munich: Pyramyd. ISBN978-ii-35017-156-2.

Notes and citations [edit]

1. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, (2002), Oxford Academy Printing.
2. ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language: "A combination of ruby-red, blue, and yellow."
3. ^ Oxford English Dictionaries On-LIne: "Of a colour produced by mixing red, yellow, and blueish, every bit of nighttime forest or rich soil"
4. ^ Shorter Oxford English Lexicon; "of a color produced past mixing red, yellow, and blueish, as of nighttime wood or rich soil"
5. ^ Heller, Eva, Psychologie de la couleur' -effets et symboliiques, (2009), p. 212-223.
6. ^ first attested in The Metres of Boethius 26. 58, ca. Advertising grand: stunede sio brune yd wid odre "I dark moving ridge dashed against the other".
7. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 191
8. ^ His hare [was] like to the nute brun, quen it for ripnes fals dun "his hair was like the nut brown, when for ripeness it falls down", Cursor M. 18833, ca. Ad 1300, cited after OED.
9. ^ [1] Omniglot- words for colors in different languages.
10. ^ Varichon, Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples. p. 254.
11. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: Effets et symboliques. p. 219
12. ^ R. H. Britnell (1986). Growth and turn down in Colchester, 1300–1525 . Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–77. ISBN978-0-521-30572-3{{inconsistent citations}} {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
13. ^ Daniel 5. Thompson, (1956), The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting, p. 88-89
14. ^ Shorter Oxford Dictionary, (2002).
15. ^ "Some Experiments on Colour", Nature 111, 1871, in John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1899). Scientific Papers. University Press.
16. ^ "Color Vision", in Richard Feynman (1964). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Addison Wesley Longman.
17. ^ G. G. Johnson and Thousand. D. Fairchild, "Visual psychophysics and colour appearance," (chapter) in CRC Digital Color Imaging Handbook, 115–171 (2003).
18. ^ ^{a b c d} Isabellle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, La Couleur explquée aux artistes, p. 30.
19. ^ Eveleth, Rose. "Basis Up Mummies Were Once an Ingredient in Paint". Smithsonian . Retrieved 29 February 2016.
20. ^ Isabellle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, La Couleur explquée aux artistes, p. 148.
21. ^ Anne Varichon, Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples, pp. 264–265
22. ^ Anne Varichon, Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples, pp. 262–263
23. ^ Bluish optics in lemurs and humans: same phenotype, unlike genetic mechanism Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009
24. ^ Play tricks, Denis Llewellyn (1979). Biochromy: Natural Coloration of Living Things. Academy of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-520-03699-9.
25. ^ Eiberg H, Mohr J (1996). "Assignment of genes coding for brown heart colour (BEY2) and brownish hair colour (HCL3) on chromosome 15q". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 4 (4): 237–41. doi:ten.1159/000472205. PMID 8875191. S2CID 26700451.
26. ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): SKIN/Pilus/Eye PIGMENTATION, VARIATION IN, 1; SHEP1 - 227220
27. ^ Sulem, Patrick; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Stacey, Simon Northward; Helgason, Agnar; Rafnar, Thorunn; Magnusson, Kristinn P; Manolescu, Andrei; Karason, Ari; et al. (2007). "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans". Nat. Genet. 39 (12): 1443–52. doi:ten.1038/ng.2007.13. PMID 17952075. S2CID 19313549.
28. ^ Muehlenbein, Michael (2010). Human Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 192–213.
29. ^ Jablonski, N. M.; Chaplin, G. (2010). "Colloquium Newspaper: Human skin pigmentation every bit an adaptation to UV radiation". Proceedings of the National University of Sciences. 107: 8962–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8962J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914628107. PMC3024016. PMID 20445093.
30. ^ Webb, A.R. (2006). "Who, what, where, and when: influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 92 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004. PMID 16766240.
31. ^ IBGE. 2008 PNAD. População residente por cor ou raça, situação e sexo.
32. ^ Birkeland, Peter W. Soils and Geomorphology. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
33. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur; effets et symboliques. p. 4
34. ^ "Army Dress Uniform". Archived from the original on 2014-11-xix. Retrieved 2013-04-02 .
35. ^ Toland, John Hitler: The Pictorial Documentary of his Life Garden Metropolis, New York:1978 Doubleday & Sons Chapter v "The Brownish Revolution" Pages 42–60
36. ^ Infield, Glenn B. Eva and Adolf New York:1974--Grosset and Dunlap Page 142 (The author compiled this book by interviewing Albert Speer and others who had been in Hitler's inner circle, such as SS men, secretaries, and housekeepers. The author also consulted the Musmanno Archives, a record of mail-war interviews with over 200 people who had been close to Adolf Hitler or Eva Braun.)
37. ^ "Hugo Dominate Acknowledges Link to Nazi Government". The New York Times. Baronial 14, 1997. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
38. ^ White, Constance C. R (August nineteen, 1997). "Patterns: The Fallout on Hugo Boss". The New York Times . Retrieved Jan i, 2011.
39. ^ Labrecque, Lauren I.; Milne, George R. (2012). "Exciting Cerise and Competent Blue: The Importance of Color in Marketing". Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. twoscore (5): 711–727. doi:10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y. S2CID 167731928.
40. ^ "They started out being Pullman dark-brown," said Peter Fredo, U.P.S.'south vice president for advertisement and public relations [...] The trucks accept been brown since 1916 [...] "it was the prototype of luxury and class at the fourth dimension.", in Jacobs, Karrie (1998-04-twenty). "Learning to Beloved Dark-brown". New York Times . Retrieved 2008-04-02 .
41. ^ "Glossary of Terms for Brownfields" (PDF). HSRC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-25. Retrieved 2006-05-25 .
42. ^ "Magical Properties of Colors". Wicca Living . Retrieved 2021-01-28 .
43. ^ Webster's New Globe Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition, 1964
44. ^ Oxford English Lexicon
45. ^ "Brun rouge assez foncé." Le Petit Robert (1988).
46. ^ Oxford English Dictionary

External links [edit]

• Media related to Brownish at Wikimedia Commons

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown

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